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Module 3: Verbs |
3.4
Passive
Voice
Day
3
Some Special Passive Structures
1. Modal
verbs情態(助)動詞
1) The formula for the passive voice of
a
Modal Verbs
is...
情態(助)動詞的被動句形是這樣的
“modal verb + be +
past
participle”.
|
Canà |
He
can draw a picture. |
|
|
A
picture can be drawn by him. |
|
Couldà |
He
could draw a picture. |
|
|
A
picture could be drawn by him. |
|
Shouldà |
He
should draw a picture. |
|
|
A
picture should be drawn by him. |
|
Wouldà |
He
would draw a picture. |
|
|
A
picture would be drawn by him. |
|
Mustà |
He
must draw a picture. |
|
|
A
picture must be drawn by him. |
2) There are some exceptions: ought to and have to. When these are used in the passive sense, their own structure remains
unchanged but they are then followed by a passive infinitive. 但情態(助)動詞當中的ought to 和have to 則是例外。當我們
要把它們轉成被動式時，它們保留原有的結構，但它們之後會有一個被動不定詞(passive infinitive*)
*passive infinitive
= “to be” + the past participle.
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e.g.: |
You
ought to be criticized for your carelessness. |
|
|
The
book has to be published next month. |
2.
Sentences with two objects 有兩個賓語的句子
When we want to change an active voice sentence with two objects (a direct object and an indirect object) to the passive voice,
only
one
object can become the subject of the passive sentence.
當我們要改一個有兩個賓語(直接賓語和簡接賓語)的主動式句子為被動式，只有其中一個賓語可成為句中的主語。
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e.g.: |
She
sent me a book on my birthday. |
|
→ |
I
was sent a book on my birthday. |
|
Or → |
A
book was sent to me on my birthday. |
* Usually we use the indirect object from the active voice sentence as the subject of the passive voice sentence. 通常我們會用
主動式句子中的簡接賓語作為被動式句子中的主語。
If the direct object is to become the subject in the passive voice, we have to add “to” or “for” before the original indirect
object. 如果要把直接賓語當作被動句中的主語，我們要在原來的間接賓語前加上“to”或 “for”。
“To” is usually added after verbs:
“to” 通常是用於以下的動詞:
give,
tell, show, bring, sell, lend, pass, write, pay, take, send
while “for” is added after: 而
“for”通常是用於以下的動詞:
buy, draw, sing, get, find, fetch, play, cook,
save.
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e.g.:
a. |
They
gave him some magazines. |
|
→ |
He
was given some magazines (by them). |
|
→ |
Some
magazines were given to him (by them). |
|
b. |
My
father bought me a camera last month. |
|
→ |
I
was bought a camera last month (by my father). |
|
→ |
A
camera was bought for me last month (by my father). |
3. Sentences with a complex object
(an object + an objective complement)
有複雜賓語(賓語+賓語補語)的句子
When a sentence with a complex object is changed from the active voice to the passive voice, the object becomes the subject
of the passivevoice sentence and the objective complement becomes the subjective complement. 當一個有複雜賓語(賓語+
賓語補語)的句子要由主動式改為被動式時，賓語會變為被動式中的主語，而賓語補語就變為主語補語。
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e.g.: |
The
story made us laugh. |
|
→ |
We
were made to laugh by the story. |
4. If the predicate verb is a Verb Phrase in the active voice, the preposition or adverb in the verb phrase cannot be omitted in
the passive voice.如果在主動式情況下謂語動詞是一個動詞短語，那麼在被動式中動詞短語所包含的介詞或副詞就 不
可以被省去。
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e.g.: |
She
has turned off the light. |
|
→ |
The
light has been turned off (by
her). |
|
|
I
will take good care of the children. |
|
→ |
The
children will be taken good care of. |
5. Infinitives after verbs such as hear, notice, see, watch, make and feel.
形動詞
With these verbs, in the active voice, the infinitive objective complement does not take “to”. However, in the passive voice it
always takes “to”. 對於這些動詞, 在主動式中，它們被視作賓語補語，所以不需要加“to”在後面，但在被動式中，它們
後面亦要使用 “to”。
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e.g.: |
We
often heard him sing this song. |
|
→ |
He
was often heard to sing this
song. |
|
|
The
boss made the workers work from morning till night. |
|
→ |
The
workers were made to work from
morning till night. |
6. When the subject is a noun of place in the active voice, it has to be changed to “in + noun of place”, rather than “by + noun of
place” as seen in the passive voice. 在主動句中, 主語是一個地名時，當把它改為被動句時，我們要使用句形“in + noun
of place”而不是“by + noun of place”。
|
e.g.: |
|
|
→ |
The
best cotton is grown in
northwest |
7. When the object in an active voice negative sentence is anything or anyone (anybody), the subject in the passive voice has
to be changed to the negative form, e.g. nothing, no one or nobody. The word “not” is then dropped from the sentence. 當主
動否定句中的賓語是anything 或 anyone (anybody)，換成被動句時就要改成反面的名詞如nothing, no one 或 nobody.
而在句中的“not”則要除去。
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e.g.: |
The
government hasn’t done anything to stop the pollution. |
|
→ |
Nothing has been done to
stop the pollution by the government. |
|
|
They
didn’t ask anybody to help them. |
|
→ |
Nobody
(No one) was asked to help them. |
8. When the subject in an active voice sentence is a negative indefinite pronoun such as nobody, no one, this has to be
changed to “by + anybody, anyone” in the passive voice sentence. The word “not” then has to be added to the predicate verb.
當主動句中的主語是一個反面不定式代名詞如nobody, no one時，它們在被動句中要改為“by + anybody, anyone”。然
後要為謂語動詞加上“not”。
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e.g.: |
Nobody can work out the problem. |
|
→ |
The
problem can’t be worked out by
anybody. |
In both these cases, the changes are because ‘nobody’ and ‘nothing’ can be subjects, but cannot normally be objects, and
certainly
cannot
follow “by”.
在以上兩個情況中，要成作出這些改動的原因是‘nobody’ and ‘nothing’可以作主語，但一般不可作賓語之用，更不可
以用在 “by”後面，所以我們才不可按一般情況來轉換它們。
9. When we change a question beginning with an Interrogative Pronoun as the subject from the active voice to the passive
voice, the interrogative pronoun should be changed to “by + interrogative pronoun”. This phrase comes at the beginning of the
passive voice sentence. 當我們要把一個以疑問代名詞作開頭的問句由主動式改為被動式時，疑問代名詞應改為“by +
interrogative pronoun” 這個形式。而這個句式會在句子的開頭。
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e.g.: |
Who
cleaned the window? |
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→ |
By
whom was the window cleaned? |
In very formal correct English, ‘By whom was the window cleaned?” is the only acceptable formula. However, in more
informal English “Who was the window cleaned by?” is far more common and is the generally accepted formula. 在非常正式
的英語中, ‘By whom was the window cleaned?’ 是唯一的表達方法。但是，在一些較輕鬆的情況下，“Who was the
window cleaned by?” 會較為常用，亦 是較為被人接納的一種說法。